Simple Budgets for Start-up Businesses
Budgeting
Each successful businessperson or girl knows that each business needs a budget and unless your business is very big and complicated, you do not want an accountant to draw up a working budget: all you need is an easy spreadsheet and a couple of hours of concentrated effort.
So let’s make a start
Open up your spreadsheet programme: Microsoft Excel or equivalent
The Time Line is set out across the apex of the spreadsheet. Each column in the spreadsheet equates with a month so Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr etc
You have to do this so that you can work out your money flow.
Money and Expenses
The horizontal lines – the rows – of the spreadsheet correspond to cost and cash heads: wages, heating, postage, equipment hire for example.
Cash and Cost Items
The money and cost items are subdivided into 3 main groups:
1. Your predicted operating revenue i.e. Your payments
2. Your regular expenses expenditure i.e. Wages, purchases for stock etc
3. Your asset expenditure i.e. The amounts that you pay for capital goods or services that you are going to use over an extended time period.
Capital Items
Capital items are typically depreciated. You might get a van and expect it to last three years of operating. This each month you would charge your operation 1/36th of the price of your van as a ‘depreciation ‘ charge.
Next Steps
Now lay out your months across the top of the spreadsheet leaving one column – on the left – blank. Then start on your costs and money in that spare left hand columns.
Begin with a main heading ‘Revenue ‘
Break out your expected sales into the numerous parts: shop sales, web sales etc for example. Remember that sales only come in when you get paid: ie not when you purchase the goods, or sell the items or raise the invoice.
When you have listed all your sales, month on month, use the spreadsheet’s mathematical functions to add all of your sales in your monthly columns, month to month.
Then start on your costs
Organize your cost items in groups
1. Purchases of stock etc
2. Property costs: mortgages, hires, property taxes, telephone lighting etc
3. Salary including tax, insurance and other costs of employment
4. Transport, fuel upkeep etc but not depreciation
5. Other operating costs, postage, phone bills, bank charges (excluding interest) legal and professional costs and anything more that should have been missed above.
6. Finance costs – leave blank for the moment.
Operating Margin or Contribution
Then add all these up and subtract them from your sales as worked out above. This is your operating margin (net of depreciation and interest) and certain to be negative for the first few months till your sales begin to come through.
Now start on your Capital Costs.
List all of your purchases of capital items, autos, PCs, shop outfitting and put them in the month you will have to pay them. Add these up column by column to work out your ‘investment ‘
Depreciation
Below this, decide for each capital item how long it will last before you want to replace it (sometimes in years) Multiple this by 12 to work out the working life in months and make an item for each investment calculated as (Original Investment)/(working life) i.e. The ‘Depreciation ‘
Now, in each column and under the depreciation total make 2 distinct calculations:
Cash Flow
Your money flow is created up your operating margin – your investments and then your cash flow to date (ie if your money flow in January was -?1,000 in January and another -?1,000 in February your cash flow to date would be -?2,000.
Multiply your money flow to date by your monthly rate and put the answer into your empty finance costs for this month. This can then affect next month’s operating margin.
Profit and Loss
Now calculate your profit and loss. This is the total of your operating margin and your depreciation.
And that is all that you need for an easy budget!
Some Beneficial Pointers
1. Budgets are Normally figured out in months but if your position is spread over more than say two years you might work in quarters.
2. Cash Flow is different from profit but will be very important to your lender as it shows when he – or you – can expect his money back.
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